YAMATAI-koku HIMIKO 2 (3)：Deleted Tribute Records to Later-HAN
2. Chinese Text about Queen HIMIKO
In this book, we will talk as below.
HIMIKO enthroned at AD183 younger 13 years old, just after "WA-koku-TAIRAN" in Japan. Immediately Queen HIMIKO brought tribute to the Later-HAN Dynasty of China. And Queen HIMIKO was recorded in the official record of the Later HAN Dynasty, "東觀漢記", as follow. ≪靈帝≫ presented a gold seal and iron sword to the Queen HIMIKO of "YAMATAI-koku" in "WA" of Japan at AD189". ≪靈帝≫ of the Later HAN Dynasty died just after at the same AD189. And this record "Tribute of HIMIKO to Later Han Dynasty" was deleted from the official record, "東觀漢記".
Moreover for AD190-238, Gongsun was independent on ⫷遼東⫸ locally. Gongsun took control of ⫷遼東⫸, ⫷樂浪⫸, ⫷帶方⫸, ⫷渤海⫸. Therefore for this AD190-238, the route between Queen HIMIKO and the Later HAN Dynasty had been blocked out.
But at AD238, Gongsun was punished by Cao WEI. At this AD238, the route has been still on wartime, nevertheless Queen HIMIKO brought a tribute to Cao WEI. And the previous tribute to the Later-HAN at AD187 came to the surface. Moreover the tribute of Queen HIMIKO at AD238 was also recorded at "景初二年六月" in "魏志倭人伝".
The record is "桓、靈閒倭國大亂更相攻伐歴年無主。有一女子名曰卑彌呼年長不嫁事鬼神道能以妖惑衆於是共立爲｡".
This sentence is the evidence of the enthroning at AD183, which is just before the last era "中平" (AD184-189) of "靈帝". Moreover at next AD184 February, Yellow Turban Rebellion happened.
After a long period of time, in Japan of 20th century, at AD1961, the iron sword, which was inscribed the era name "中平" of "靈帝" of the Later-HAN Dynasty, was excavated in "Todaijiyama Tumulus" of NARA-prefecture in Japan. We will mention about this Iron Sword inscribed "中平" later as "2.5".
2.1. "東觀漢記" (东观汉记)
Dongguan Hanji ("東觀漢記", Dong Guan Han Ji), which was edited by the official editors in the royal court, is the official record of the Later-HAN Dynasty. Rather than, it may be more accurate to say that "東觀漢記" had been the official record. Because "東觀漢記" is no Exist now like the above figure. Both of the original and the copy books are no Exist completely. The HAN and Later HAN Dynasty had recorded the tributes from the surrounding countries. "漢書", which is the official records of the HAN Dynasty, exists now. But "東觀漢記", which is the official records of the Later HAN Dynasty, no exists at all now. The last chapter ("靈帝紀" and "獻帝紀") of "東觀漢記" is edited by ≪楊彪≫ and finished at AD220.
"魏略" (Wei Lue), which was edited by ≪魚拳≫, was established at around AD260. It is said to be a personal records. But it seems to be the official records. Because ≪魚拳≫ had been in a government post of Cao WEI. In Cao WEI, since Cao Cao, which was the founder, did not interested in {錄尚書事}, it seems that {尚書} was the low rank in the official Government Post. And "魏略" is also no Exist both of the original and the copy books completely now.
"三國志" (Records of the Three Kingdoms), which was edited by ≪陳壽≫, is the historian book at the Three Kingdoms of China, "魏" (Cao WEI), "呉" (WU), "蜀" (Shu Han). It was established at around AD285. When the editor wrote "Book of WEI" part in "Records of the Three Kingdoms", it is said to be that the editor referred mainly from "魏略" (bold short down arrow in figure). In Japan, "魏志倭人伝" (Gishiwajinden) is famous because of mentioning the details of Queen HIMIKO of YAMATAI-koku. Its original is "倭人" in "Biographies of Wuhuan-Xianbei-Dongyi", that is, volume 30, of "Book of WEI" of "Records of the Three Kingdoms" of China.
"後漢書" (Book of the Later HAN), which was edited by ≪范曄≫, is now alternatively the official record of the Later HAN Dynasty. This "Book of the Later HAN" got established late, around AD430. But the editor mainly referred from the original "東觀漢記" which existed in 5th century (bold long down arrow in figure). Therefore this "Book of the Later HAN" is very high in reliability. In this book, we referred mainly from this "Book of the Later HAN".
2.2. Book of the Later HAN
"Book of the Later HAN", which was edited by ≪范曄≫, is mainly referred in this book. And "Book of the Later HAN" is also abbreviated to "後漢書" here.
[REF.後漢書 東夷傳 倭]
＜Original＞ "建武中元二年倭奴國奉貢朝賀・・・倭國之極南界也。光武賜以印綬。"
＜TRANS＞ "建武中元二年", "奴國" of "倭" brought a tribute to "Emperor Guangwu" (AD25-58). "奴國" is HAKATA, where is the extreme south in "倭". The king of "NA-koku" is the leader in "倭". "Emperor Guangwu" delighted and presented a gold seal to the king of "奴國" in "倭". "倭" consisted from "NEUKDO-DONG" of south sea side of the Korean Peninsula to HAKATA of north sea side of northern KYUSHU island of Japan.
＜Original＞ "安帝永初元年倭國王帥升等獻生口百六十人願請見"
＜TRANS＞ "安帝永初元年", "帥升" proposed the audience to "安帝" of the Later HAN Dynasty with 160 slaves.
＜Original＞ "桓、靈閒倭國大亂更相攻伐歴年無主。"
＜TRANS＞ For "桓帝" (AD147-167) and "靈帝" (168-189) period of the Later HAN Dynasty, "倭國大亂" happened in "倭" of Japan. The peoples attacked each other. There was no leader in "倭" for several decades.
＜Original＞ "有一女子名曰卑彌呼年長不嫁事鬼神道能以妖惑衆於是共立爲。"
＜TRANS＞ There was a girl. Her name was "卑彌呼, HIMIKO". She was a single after grown up. She used "鬼神道" and confused the peoples. HIMIKO was co-commended.
Around AD183, the enthroned processes of Queen HIMIKO were noted. The evidence of HIMIKO was talked. However there were not the words of "奉貢朝賀" or "賜以印綬". A tribute of Queen HIMIKO to the Later-HAN Dynasty was not talked for this "Book of the Later-HAN". This question is mentioned "2.6." later.
The time of the enthroning of Queen HIMIKO was at the end of "靈帝" period, which is just after WA-koku-TAIRAN in Japan. If she brought a tribute to the Later HAN Dynasty, it would be the time of the era name 中平, that is, the last of "靈帝" period. The mean of "有一女子" is that "there is a girl". She was certainly "a girl" of 13 years old at AD183, that is, at the time of the enthroned. At AD238 of Cao WEI of the Three Kingdoms, she have been on the throne for 55 years. She is already 68 years old.
The mean of "年長不嫁" is that "She had been a single after grown up too.", which should be referred from "魏略" or "魏志". But in "Book of the Later HAN", there is no characters like "奉貢朝賀" and "賜以印綬". In regards to this, we will mention in "2.6" later.
The Later HAN Dynasty had the cognition of the Queen HIMIKO of WA. That is to say, she ignored and did not bring a tribute to the Later HAN Dynasty. But if she ignored the Later HAN, the described text should be hostiler. These contradictions and circumstances are the focus of the sub-title, "The Deleted Tribute Records to Later-HAN Dynasty". We will look at the details.
2.3. Records of the Three Kingdoms
"Records of the Three Kingdoms" was edited by "陳壽". In this book, "Records of the Three Kingdoms" is abbreviated to "三國志". "Book of WEI", "Book of WU" and "Book of SHU" constitute "Records of the Three Kingdoms". And in this book, "Book of WEI" was referred in "4. Extended Scenario" mainly.
[REF.魏志倭人傳]
＜Original＞ "其國本亦以男子為王住七八十年倭國亂相攻伐歴年"
＜TRANS＞ From AD57, the male king in "倭" governed for seventy or eighty years. "倭國亂" happened and attacked each other for 30-40 years.
＜Original＞ "乃共立一女子為王名曰卑彌呼事鬼道能惑衆年已長大無夫婿有男弟佐治國。"
＜TRANS＞ And a girl was co-commended and enthroned Queen. Her name was "卑彌呼". She used "鬼道" and confused the peoples. When she brought a tribute to "Cao WEI" at AD238, she was already elder and she was still single. She governed the country with the younger brother assistance.
＜Original＞ "景初二年六月、倭女王遣大夫難升米等詣郡、求詣天子朝獻、太守劉夏遣吏將送詣京都。"
＜TRANS＞ "景初二年六月", HIMIKO hoped the tribute to Emperor at 帶方郡. HIMIKO was carried to the capital of "Cao WEI".
＜Original＞ "其年十二月、詔書報倭女王曰・・今以汝為親魏倭王、假金印紫綬・・五尺刀二口・銅鏡百枚・真珠・・"
＜TRANS＞ "景初二年十二月", the Imperial message of the present lists to HIMIKO announced. In the lists, "from now you are 親魏倭王" and give a gold seal, two iron swords, one hundred bronze mirrors, pearls.
＜Original＞ "正始元年、太守弓遵遣建中校尉梯儁等奉詔書印綬詣倭國、拜假倭王・・刀・鏡・采物、倭王因使上表答謝恩詔｡"
＜TRANS＞ "正始元年", {帶方太守} ≪弓遵≫, send {建中校尉} ≪梯儁≫ et al. And a gold seal was presented to "倭". The king of "倭" was received "賜金", "帛", "錦罽賓", "刀", "鏡", "采物" from Emperor of "Cao WEI". The Queen of "倭" asked to the Emperor of "Cao WEI". And she gave thanks to the Emperor.
The proceedings of the enthroning process of Queen HIMIKO were recorded similar with "Book of the Later HAN". Moreover the Gold Seal, the Iron Sword, and the Bronze Mirrors were certainly conferred.
In this book,
WA-koku-TAIRAN ： AD146-183
HIMIKO enthrone ： AD183
Queen HIMIKO die ： AD248
, we will develop the story according with above.
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