YAMATAI-koku HIMIKO 2 (1)：Deleted Tribute Records to Later-HAN
YAMATAI-koku HIMIKO 2：
Deleted Tribute Records to Later-HAN
◇ Cover details
Cover photo is the KYUSHU island in Japan. In the map, symbol cross star is the main battle field of "倭國大亂, WA-koku-TAIRAN" at 2nd century. And symbol circle is "Yoshinogari" where Queen HIMIKO lived after "WA-koku-TAIRAN".
◆Summary
The Iron Sword, which was inscribed "中平" (Zhongping) Chinese characters with "Gold-Inlay Inscription", was excavated in "Todaijiyama Tumulus" of NARA Prefecture of Japan. "中平" is an era name (AD184-189) of "靈帝" (Emperor Ling, AD168-189) of the Eastern HAN of China. From the extremely high purity of the gold contents of "Gold-Inlay Inscription" and its text
"中平？五月丙午造作…百練清剛…上應星宿…",
this Iron Sword must be a present from the Emperor of the Later HAN Dynasty to a leader of the surrounding countries. Therefore this "中平" Iron Sword was designated National Treasures of Japan all together.
But in the "中平" era period of the Later HAN Dynasty, there is no record of this "中平" Iron Sword. It is a mysterious Iron Sword. At the "中平" period of China, it is famous that the capital was burnt down and the peoples of the Later HAN court were massacred by Yellow Turban Rebellion, Tyranny and Cruelty of "Dong Zhuo", Attack Chang'an of "Li Jue". At this time. Was the book destroyed by fire? Moreover "東觀漢記" (DongGuan HanJi, 东观汉记) has been the missing at all since long time ago, even though "東觀漢記" had been the official history text of the Later HAN Dynasty. Now there is already no original and copies of "東觀漢記". The mystery of "中平" Iron Sword continues to deepen more and more.
In order to solve this mystery, we focus on the editors of "東觀漢記". It's thought to be that the recovery of the burnt books is possible by retracing the editors' memory, because they have written the records by hand, that is, in their own handwriting. But we suspected that there are some traces of the intentional removing of the editors one after another. Moreover we were convinced that those are the exceedingly calculated and strategic plotting to eliminate the records. The scenario, which is the terrorism, is developed in the story. But there is no name of Queen HIMIKO in "孝靈帝紀" (Annals of Emperor XiaoLing, AD168-189), which is the record of "中平" period of the Emperor of the Later HAN Dynasty. The mission, which is the deleting of the tribute record of "卑彌呼" (Himiko, 卑弥呼), was accomplished completely.
But only one seam will appear. The cause is that the life span of Queen HIMIKO was longer than we could have imagined. Queen HIMIKO brought a tribute to Cao WEI at AD238, her later life. And she was conferred the Gold Seal of "親魏倭王" (Shingi Wao, 亲魏倭王) from Cao WEI. This event was recorded in "倭人" (Wajin) in "烏丸鮮卑東夷傳" (Biographies of Wuhuan-Xianbei-Dongyi), that is, volume 30, of "Book of WEI" of "Records of the Three Kingdoms" of China. In Japan, it is famous as "魏志倭人伝" (Gishiwajinden). And the relations of this event were recorded in "明帝紀" (Annals of Emperor Ming, AD226-239), that is, volume 3, of "book of WEI" of "Records of the Three Kingdoms".
We also looked at series 1 "WA-koku-TAIRAN and Queen HIMIKO enthroned". For "桓帝" (Emperor Huan, AD146-168) and "靈帝" (Emperor Ling, AD168-189), in northern KYUSHU island of Japan, there was a civil war in "倭" countries. This war is called "倭國大亂" (WAkoku TaiRan). At the end of "靈帝" period, a girl was co-commended and enthroned to Queen. At the same time, "倭國大亂" had finished. The last era name of "靈帝" period of the Later HAN Dynasty is "中平", AD184-189.
In order to solve the mystery of "中平" Iron Sword, which was excavated in "Todaijiyama Tumulus", we started to write this series 2. However it became to the story of the terrorism from half way. Moreover it became to the scenario, which is no better than a conjecture. Unless only Queen HIMIKO had a long life, considering that we could not draw even this scenario, it's just a shame.
References
1. [REF.中國歴代年號考] Study on Reign Titles of Past Ages (中國歴代年號考), Revised Version (修訂本), Chinese Edition (中国語版), Li Chong Zhi (李崇智), pp.10-14, Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局).
2. [REF.東觀漢記校注] Dong Guan Han Ji ,corrected and annotated edition (東觀漢記校注), Zhong guo shi xue ji ben dian ji cong kan (中國史學基本典籍叢刊), Set 2 Volumes (2冊組), 序 pp.1-9, Liu Zhen (劉珍), Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局).
3. Book of the Later HAN (後漢書), set 12 books (12冊組), Fan Ye Zhuan (范曄), Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局).
3.1. [REF.後漢書東夷列傳倭] Volume 85 (巻八十五), Treatise on the Dongyi (東夷列傳),No.75 (第七十五) : Wa (倭).
3.2. [REF.韓說傳] Volume 82 Part 2 (卷八十二下), Biographies of Alchemists (方術列傳, No.72 Part 2 (第七十二下) : Han Shuo (韓說).
3.3. [REF.盧植傳] Volume 64 (卷六十四), Biographies of Wu ; Yan ; Shi ; Lu ; Zhao (吳延史盧趙列傳), No.54 (第五十四) : Lu Zhi (盧植).
3.4. [REF.楊彪傳] Volume 54 (卷五十四), Biography of Yang Zhen (楊震列傳), No44 (第四十四) : Yang Biao (楊彪).
3.5. [REF.蔡邕傳] Volume 60 Part 2 (卷六十下), Biography of Cai Yong (蔡邕列傳第),No.50 Part 2 (五十下) : Cai Yong (蔡邕).
3.6. [REF.靈帝紀] Volume 8 (卷八), Annals of Emperor Xiaoling (孝靈帝紀), No.8 (第八) : Emperor Ling of Han (靈帝).
3.7. [REF.献帝紀] Volume 9 (卷九), Annals of Emperor Xiaoxian (孝獻帝紀), No.9 (第九) : Emperor Xian of Han(献帝) ; Liu Bian(少帝辯).
3.8. [REF.光武帝紀] Volume 1 Part 2 (卷一下), Annals of Emperor Xiaoguangwu (孝光武帝紀), No.1 Part 2 (第一下) : Emperor Guangwu of Han (光武帝).
4. Records of the Three Kingdoms in China (三國志), set 5 books (5冊組), Jin Chen Shou (陳壽), Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局).
4.1. [REF.魏志倭人傳] 2nd of 5 books ; Book of Wei 2 (2/5 ; 魏書2), Volume 30 (巻30), Biographies of Wuhuan-Xianbei-Dongyi (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳) : Wajin (倭人).
4.2. [REF.魏志東夷傳] 2nd of 5 books ; Book of Wei 2 (2/5 ; 魏書2), Volume 30 (巻30), Biographies of Wuhuan-Xianbei-Dongyi (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳) : Dongyi (東夷).
4.3. [REF.魏志公孫度傳] 1st of 5 books ; Book of Wei 1 (1/5 ; 魏書1), Volume 8 (巻8), Biographies of the two Gong-suns ; Tao ; the four Zhangs (公孫陶四張傳) : Gong-sun Du (公孫度).
4.4. [REF.魏志公孫淵傳] 1st of 5 books ; Book of Wei 1 (1/5 ; 魏書1), Volume 8 (巻8), Biographies of the two Gong-suns ; Tao ; the four Zhangs (公孫陶四張傳) : Gong-sun Yuan (公孫淵).
4.5. [REF.魏志明帝紀] 1st of 5 books ; Book of Wei 1 (1/5 ; 魏書1), Volume 3 (巻3), Annals of Emperor Ming (明帝紀) : Cao Rui (明帝).
5. 九博>西都大宰府>資料ﾗｲﾌﾞﾗﾘｰ, No.154 (11MB)
https://www.kyuhaku.jp/dazaifu/pdf/d-154.pdf
[REF.御笠地区] 御笠地区県営圃場整備事業に伴う発掘調査, 筑紫野市文化財調査報告書第15集本文編, p200, 筑紫野市教育委員会, 1986.
[REF.MIKASA-chiku] Excavation investigation with the prefectural cultivated land improvement on MIKASA-chiku, CHIKUSHINO-city cultural property investigation reports NO.15, p200, Board of education in CHIKUSHINO-city, 1986.
1. In the Beginning
The original references of this book are old Chinese texts. All of the written characters is "Chinese character". The used "Chinese character" is almost the recent Traditional Chinese characters. There is a few other characters. On the other hand in Japan, as the Common Used "Kanji" Table (2,136 characters), the Out of Table "Kanji" (1,022 characters) which are not in common use and have not been designated as the Common Used "Kanji" Table, the Named Kanji (285 characters), the number of "Kanji" characters used is relatively small. Therefore the "Kanji" characters, which we've never seen for Japanese, will appear. However these are almost proper nouns like person's name, Emperor name, Country name, local name, and government post name. Therefore in order to be able to identify as a proper noun, we are taking countermeasures. These are described later in 1.2.
The characters written are "Chinese character", which is also called "Kanji" in Japan, but the sentence written is "KANBUN". For "KANBUN" subject in junior high school and high school in Japan, many peoples might become to be one of the weakest subjects. And from then, just by looking at "KANBUN", it seems that many peoples have an allergic reaction. I am also the same sense nearly. Therefore as a measure, we refer the very simple sentence only.
We look at an example sentence. The References texts were written by Time Series style. Therefore it is important to identify a Year, a Month, and a Day. The next is a sentence at "中平六年" in "靈帝紀" of "Book of the Later HAN". We refer the sentence only, which can be verified with Gregorian calendar. This sentence is at AD189MAY03. This was noted Season, Month, and Day in the head of the sentence. That day was a Solar Eclipse.
[REF.靈帝紀] 中平六年 AD189MAY03
＜Original＞ "夏四月丙午朔日有食之。"
＜TRANS＞ "夏四月丙午朔", it was a Solar Eclipse.
"中平六年, 夏四月丙午朔" is AD189MAY03 of Gregorian from Zhongping 6th of Appendix I.
Season, Month, and Day are not translated in this book. The Gregorian day must be looked at Appendix I and II.
Gregorian v.s. Later HAN Calendar
The figure is one of Calendar of "中平六年" (Zhongping 6th) in Appendix Ⅰ. In the upper of the figure, we can look at the difference between "西暦", "日干支" and "年号と月" column, respectively. "西暦" column is Gregorian calendar. "年号と月" column is the lunar calendar of the Later HAN Dynasty.
In the upper left of the figure, "西暦" is "189/02/03". But "年号と月" is "丁丑" "中平六年正月", that is, January 1st of "中平六年" in the Later HAN Calendar.
In the middle right of the figure,
●189/05(MAY)/03 of Gregorian is "丙午" of "中平六年夏四月" of the Later HAN Calendar, that is, the 1st day of Summer APRIL of "中平六年".
Therefore in this book, Season, Month and Day (Era and Month of lunar calendar), were not translated. The certain Gregorian day must be seen the calendar in Appendix. On the other hand, "日干支" column was repeated independently the 60 days cycle regardless of solar calendar and lunar calendar.
■ Season and Month "夏四月"
"夏" is Summer season. "四月" is April month. "甲戌" is a day. "朔" is the initial ten days of month. This is a vestige as they were a hunter at ancient lunar calendar days. It was not a certain day in this ten days. Specially, "朔" sometimes has a mean of the 1st day of month. On the other hand, "晦" is the end day of month. "大晦" is DEC31, that is, the end day of the year.
The months of Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter are as follows.
"春" (Spring) : "正月" (JAN), "二月" (FEB), "三月" (MAR)
"夏" (Summer) : "四月" (APR), "五月" (MAY), "六月" (JUN)
"秋" (Autumn) : "七月" (JUL), "八月" (AUG), "九月" (SEP)
"冬" (Winter) : "十月" (OCT), "十一月" (NOV), "十二月" (DEC)
The Later-HAN Dynasty and Cao WEI Dynasty were basically a lunar calendar. One month of lunar calendar were 29 days or 30 days. The apparent cycle of the moon is about 29.5 days. Twelve months are 354 days. About 11 days short in a year. About 33 days short in three years. Therefore the leap month is added to correct a lunar calendar every three years. Before inserting a leap month, about 1 month late to the solar calendar. The body sensation of warm or cold might fit unexpectedly. The ancient New Year day is at the early February also now in China. The year inserted a leap month is 13 months. However, additionally 3 days short in three years. About 30 days short in thirty years. Moreover, considering the solar calendar, it is necessary to add a leap year, February 29th, every four years. Considering these over all, it is modified by adding again a leap month every 19 years. There are 7 years, which have a leap month, in 19 years. Therefore the leap month sometimes occurs consecutive 2 years.
It is also called "Lunisolar calendar", because it was introduced "Solar calendar" into "Luna calendar". Considering the average in 19 years, it is 365.25 days in a year, that is also called "後漢四分暦". The average number of days in one year is almost same with now. "1 Day" is from the time of crossing the meridian, that is, the culmination, to next crossing the meridian of Sun. The several correction methods have appeared on the history. Because the revolution of the earth, that is, 1 year, and this "1 Day" does not fit as a integer value. Incidentally, one rotation of the Earth is not for 24 hours, because a revolution of the Earth around the Sun is counted as one time of the rotation of the Earth. It is a story like "We doubt the evidence of our senses." But "1 Day" mentioned above is undoubtedly for 24.00 hours.
Cao WEI started the measurement of the winter solstice barely at AD237. It seems that it was the earliest time of the inducing the Solar Calendar into the Luna Calendar. Therefore as a matter of convenience, there is 7 months of 30 days month and 5 months of 29 days month in a year. The basic parts of the lunar calendar is constituted with the apparent cycle of the moon as a month. Therefore the re-addition of a leap month every 19 years is not exactly every 19 years. The revolution of the earth and the apparent cycle of the moon, the crossover of this completely different two, that is, the Solar Eclipse phenomena, which the moon crosses between the Earth and the Sun, have been researched executively and studiously.
Now in Japan, we use perfectly the Solar Calendar on a daily basis. Therefore the Calendar of the Later HAN, which based on the Lunar Calendar, may be disagreeable at the beginning.
Viewing the solar system from a astronomical birds-eye, we should consider "Universe Vision" of the solar system as follows now. The rotating Earth revolves around the Sun. And the moon revolves around its Earth. This is just "Heliocentric Theory" of N. Copernicus.
In ancient age, the astronomical observers were fixed on the ground of the Earth. The phenomena only, which they saw from its ground, is the ancient "universe vision". The base of the making Calendar of the Later HAN Dynasty was like "Geocentric Theory" still. Therefore seeing the details of the research of the Later HAN Calendar, the unintelligible expression may appear. Now the precision of the measurement is remarkably improved. But the basis of the measurement method from the ground does not change still now. Nevertheless the procedure of changing it to "Heliocentric Theory" is already established.
■ "日干支" (day sexagenary cycle)
"丙午" is one of sixty "day sexagenary cycle". The accurate day is decided by "日干支" (day sexagenary cycle). And this 60 days cycles were repeated independently regardless of solar calendar and luni-solar calendar. Below sixty Two-Characters-Set is the day names of "日干支".
甲子, 乙丑, 丙寅, 丁卯, 戊辰, 己巳, 庚午, 辛未, 壬申, 癸酉,
甲戌, 乙亥, 丙子, 丁丑, 戊寅, 己卯, 庚辰, 辛巳, 壬午, 癸未,
甲申, 乙酉, 丙戌, 丁亥, 戊子, 己丑, 庚寅, 辛卯, 壬辰, 癸巳,
甲午, 乙未, 丙申, 丁酉, 戊戌, 己亥, 庚子, 辛丑, 壬寅, 癸卯,
甲辰, 乙巳, 丙午, 丁未, 戊申, 己酉, 庚戌, 辛亥, 壬子, 癸丑,
甲寅, 乙卯, 丙辰, 丁巳, 戊午, 己未, 庚申, 辛酉, 壬戌, 癸亥
Simply, 60 days cycle from "甲子" to "癸亥" is repeated in this order. Conversely, being a simple 60 days cycle makes it easier to verify with the Gregorian calendar.
1.1. Calendar
The calendars of "光和" ＆ "中平" of the Later HAN Dynasty and "景初" of Cao WEI of the Three Kingdoms are listed in Appendix I and II, respectively.
Calendar of "中平" in the Later HAN
Calendar of "光和" ＆ "中平" used below five point days of the Solar Eclipse for making.
◎ AD178NOV27 ※1
[Guanghe 1st] [REF.靈帝紀] 光和元年
＜Original＞ "冬十月・・丙子晦日有食之。"
＜TRANS＞ "冬十月" end day, "丙子". Solar Eclipse.
※1 This day did not fit with a calculated Solar Eclipse. But OCT end day "晦" was "丙子".
※2 Below 4 points were fitted with calculated Solar Eclipse.
● AD179MAY24 ※2
[Guanghe 2nd] [REF.靈帝紀] 光和二年
＜Original＞ "夏四月甲戌朔日有食之。"
＜TRANS＞ "夏四月" 1st, "甲戌". Solar Eclipse.
● AD181SEP26 ※2
[Guanghe 4th] [REF.靈帝紀] 光和四年
＜Original＞ "九月庚寅朔日有食之。"
＜TRANS＞ "九月" 1st, "庚寅". Solar Eclipse.
● AD186JUL04 ※2
[Zhongping 3rd] [REF.靈帝紀] 中平三年
＜Original＞ "五月壬辰晦日有食之。"
＜TRANS＞ "五月" end day, "壬辰". Solar Eclipse.
● AD189MAY03 ※2
[Zhongping 6th] [REF.靈帝紀] 中平六年
＜Original＞ "夏四月丙午朔日有食之。"
＜TRANS＞ "夏四月" 1st, "丙午". Solar Eclipse.
Calendar of "景初" in Cao WEI
Calendar of "景初" used below two point days, which are Winter Solstice and the day of Emperor died, of the Solar Eclipse for making.
● AD237DEC23
[Jingchu 1st] [REF.魏志明帝紀] 景初元年
＜Original＞ "十二月壬子冬至、始祀。"
＜TRANS＞ "10月", "壬子", Winter Solstice. The first Winter Solstice Deifying.
※ Calculation AD237DEC22. One day later.
● AD239JAN22
[Jingchu 3rd] [REF.魏志明帝紀] 景初三年
＜Original＞ "三年春正月丁亥・・即日帝崩・・"
＜TRANS＞ "景初三年春正月", "丁亥", in this day, Emperor Ming died.
★ "日干支" (day sexagenary cycle) ★
60 days "日干支", which is Two-Characters-Set, were made by the fixed method. The used characters are below 22 characters.
One of 10 "干" is used as the first character of Two-Characters-Set.
10 "干" [甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
One of 12 "支" is used as the second character of Two-Characters-Set.
12 "支" [子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
As the first character of Two-Characters-Set, we will use one of 10 "干", which are '甲'-'癸', from left in this order. And as the second character of Two-Characters-Set, we will use one of 12 "支", which are '子'-'亥'.
① Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
1st "干" is '甲'
and 1st "支" is '子'
: "甲子"
2nd "干" is '乙'
and 2nd "支" is '丑'
: "乙丑"
3rd "干" is '丙'
and 3rd "支" is '寅'
: "丙寅"
4th "干" is '丁'
and 4th "支" is '卯'
: "丁卯"
5th "干" is '戊'
and 5th "支" is '辰'
: "戊辰"
6th "干" is '己'
and 6th "支" is '巳'
: "己巳"
7th "干" is '庚'
and 7th "支" is '午'
: "庚午"
8th "干" is '辛'
and 8th "支" is '未'
: "辛未"
9th "干" is '壬'
and 9th "支" is '申'
: "壬申"
10th "干" is '癸'
and 10th "支" is '酉'
: "癸酉"
In this way, we could get ten Two-Characters-Set.
"甲子", "乙丑", "丙寅", "丁卯", "戊辰", "己巳", "庚午", "辛未", "壬申", "癸酉"
But in ① Cycle, last 2 characters '戌' and '亥' of 12 "支" were not used.
In next ② Cycle, the second character of Two-Characters-Set start from '戌', which was not used in previous ① cycle. On the other hand, one of 10 "干" was always used from '甲' as the first character of Two-Characters-Set. We will repeat this manner.
② Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
1st "干" is '甲' and 11th "支" is '戌' : "甲戌"
2nd "干" is '乙' and 12th "支" is '亥' : "乙亥"
3rd "干" is '丙' and 1st "支" is '子' : "丙子"
4th "干" is '丁' and 2nd "支" is '丑' : "丁丑"
5th "干" is '戊' and 3rd "支" is '寅' : "戊寅"
6th "干" is '己' and 4th "支" is '卯' : "己卯"
7th "干" is '庚' and 5th "支" is '辰' : "庚辰"
8th "干" is '辛' and 6th "支" is '巳' : "辛巳"
9th "干" is '壬' and 7th "支" is '午' : "壬午"
10th "干" is '癸' and 8th "支" is '未' : "癸未"
We could get ten Two-Characters-Set.
"甲戌", "乙亥", "丙子", "丁丑", "戊寅", "己卯", "庚辰", "辛巳", "壬午", "癸未"
③ Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥 ]
1st "干" is '甲' and 9th "支" is '申' : "甲申"
2nd "干" is '乙' and 10th "支" is '酉' : "乙酉"
3rd "干" is '丙' and 11th "支" is '戌' : "丙戌"
4th "干" is '丁' and 12th "支" is '亥' : "丁亥"
5th "干" is '戊' and 1st "支" is '子' : "戊子"
6th "干" is '己' and 2nd "支" is '丑' : "己丑"
7th "干" is '庚' and 3rd "支" is '寅' : "庚寅"
8th "干" is '辛' and 4th "支" is '卯' : "辛卯"
9th "干" is '壬' and 5th "支" is '辰' : "壬辰"
10th "干" is '癸' and 6th "支" is '巳' : "癸巳"
We could get ten Two-Characters-Set.
"甲申", "乙酉", "丙戌", "丁亥", "戊子", "己丑", "庚寅", "辛卯", "壬辰", "癸巳"
④ Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
1st "干" is '甲' and 7th "支" is '午' : "甲午"
2nd "干" is '乙' and 8th "支" is '未' : "乙未"
3rd "干" is '丙' and 9th "支" is '申' : "丙申"
4th "干" is '丁' and 10th "支" is '酉' : "丁酉"
5th "干" is '戊' and 11th "支" is '戌' : "戊戌"
6th "干" is '己' and 12th "支" is '亥' : "己亥"
7th "干" is '庚' and 1st "支" is '子' : "庚子"
8th "干" is '辛' and 2nd "支" is '丑' : "辛丑"
9th "干" is '壬' and 3rd "支" is '寅' : "壬寅"
10th "干" is '癸' and 4th "支" is '卯' : "癸卯"
We could get ten Two-Characters-Set.
"甲午", "乙未", "丙申", "丁酉", "戊戌", "己亥", "庚子", "辛丑", "壬寅", "癸卯"
⑤ Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
1st "干" is '甲' and 5th "支" is '辰' : "甲辰"
2nd "干" is '乙' and 6th "支" is '巳' : "乙巳"
3rd "干" is '丙' and 7th "支" is '午' : "丙午"
4th "干" is '丁' and 8th "支" is '未' : "丁未"
5th "干" is '戊' and 9th "支" is '申' : "戊申"
6th "干" is '己' and 10th "支" is '酉' : "己酉"
7th "干" is '庚' and 11th "支" is '戌' : "庚戌"
8th "干" is '辛' and 12th "支" is '亥' : "辛亥"
9th "干" is '壬' and 1st "支" is '子' : "壬子"
10th "干" is '癸' and 2nd "支" is '丑' : "癸丑"
We could get ten Two-Characters-Set.
"甲辰", "乙巳", "丙午", "丁未", "戊申", "己酉", "庚戌", "辛亥", "壬子", "癸丑"
⑥ Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
1st "干" is '甲' and 3rd "支" is '寅' : "甲寅"
2nd "干" is '乙' and 4th "支" is '卯' : "乙卯"
3rd "干" is '丙' and 5th "支" is '辰' : "丙辰"
4th "干" is '丁' and 6th "支" is '巳' : "丁巳"
5th "干" is '戊' and 7th "支" is '午' : "戊午"
6th "干" is '己' and 8th "支" is '未' : "己未"
7th "干" is '庚' and 9th "支" is '申' : "庚申"
8th "干" is '辛' and 10th "支" is '酉' : "辛酉"
9th "干" is '壬' and 11th "支" is '戌' : "壬戌"
10th "干" is '癸' and 12th "支" is '亥' : "癸亥"
We could get ten Two-Characters-Set.
"甲寅", "乙卯", "丙辰", "丁巳", "戊午", "己未", "庚申", "辛酉", "壬戌", "癸亥"
⑦ Cycle, return to ① Cycle
"干" [ 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸]
"支" [ 子, 丑, 寅, 卯, 辰, 巳, 午, 未, 申, 酉, 戌, 亥]
1st "干" is '甲' and 1st "支" is '子' : "甲子"
2nd "干" is '乙' and 2nd "支" is '丑' : "乙丑"
3rd "干" is '丙' and 3rd "支" is '寅' : "丙寅"
4th "干" is '丁' and 4th "支" is '卯' : "丁卯"
5th "干" is '戊' and 5th "支" is '辰' : "戊辰"
6th "干" is '己' and 6th "支" is '巳' : "己巳"
7th "干" is '庚' and 7th "支" is '午' : "庚午"
8th "干" is '辛' and 8th "支" is '未' : "辛未"
9th "干" is '壬' and 9th "支" is '申' : "壬申"
10th "干" is '癸' and 10th "支" is '酉' : "癸酉
Sixty Two-Characters-Set were made from ① Cycle to ⑥ Cycle as below.
We will use these in this order.
And we will repeat 60-Days-Cycle.
甲子, 乙丑, 丙寅, 丁卯, 戊辰, 己巳, 庚午, 辛未, 壬申, 癸酉,
甲戌, 乙亥, 丙子, 丁丑, 戊寅, 己卯, 庚辰, 辛巳, 壬午, 癸未,
甲申, 乙酉, 丙戌, 丁亥, 戊子, 己丑, 庚寅, 辛卯, 壬辰, 癸巳,
甲午, 乙未, 丙申, 丁酉, 戊戌, 己亥, 庚子, 辛丑, 壬寅, 癸卯,
甲辰, 乙巳, 丙午, 丁未, 戊申, 己酉, 庚戌, 辛亥, 壬子, 癸丑,
甲寅, 乙卯, 丙辰, 丁巳, 戊午, 己未, 庚申, 辛酉, 壬戌, 癸亥
1.2. Words
As the countermeasure for the texts written in classical Chinese, we will read more one example sentence. If we can identify ≪Personal Name≫ and {Government Post Name}, this sentence is simple.
[REF.靈帝紀] 中平六年
＜Original＞ "太尉馬日磾免幽州牧劉虞為太尉｡"
＜TRANS＞ {太尉} ≪馬日磾≫ was dismissed. {幽州牧} ≪劉虞≫ advanced to {太尉}.
＜Comment＞ {太尉} and {幽州牧} are Government Post Name. ≪馬日磾≫ and ≪劉虞≫ are Personal Name. The others are "免" and "為" only. The meaning of "免" is "be dismissed" generally. The meaning of "為" is "be appointed" generally. These will appear frequently. We will see. Therefore if we can identify ≪Personal Name≫, ≪馬日磾≫ and ≪劉虞≫, and {Government Post Name}, {太尉} and {幽州牧}, this example sentence is easy.
As follow, we list up ≪Personal Name≫ and {Government Post Name}. These will appear.
≪ Personal Name ≫
≪≫ is the meaning of Personal Name here.
We list up ≪Personal Name≫, which will appear in this book, as follows.
◇ Five "東觀漢記" Editors
≪韓說≫,≪盧植≫,≪馬日磾≫,≪蔡邕≫,≪楊彪≫
* Here ≪韓說≫ is in the Later-HAN Dynasty.
◇ other Personal Name
≪卑彌呼≫,≪馬日磾≫=≪日磾≫, ≪楊賜≫, ≪楊彪≫=≪彪≫=≪文先≫, ≪蔡邕≫=≪邕≫, ≪韓說≫=≪說≫=≪叔儒≫, ≪盧植≫=≪植≫=≪子幹≫, ≪少帝辯≫=≪辯≫ ≪弘農王≫, ≪獻帝≫=≪陳留王≫, ≪張角≫=≪角≫, ≪張馴≫, ≪張角弟梁≫, ≪張牛角≫, ≪皇甫嵩≫=≪嵩≫, ≪何進≫=≪進≫, ≪張讓≫, ≪段珪≫=≪珪≫, ≪袁術≫, ≪董卓≫=≪卓≫, ≪徐榮≫, ≪公孫度≫=≪度≫, ≪劉虞≫, ≪竇武≫, ≪袁隗≫, ≪崔烈≫, ≪張懿≫, ≪曹嵩≫, ≪樊陵≫, ≪馬相≫, ≪郗儉≫, ≪趙部≫, ≪劉虞≫, ≪陳蕃≫, ≪竇武≫, ≪袁術≫, ≪孫堅≫, ≪胡軫≫, ≪王允≫, ≪李傕≫, ≪郭汜≫, ≪樊稠≫, ≪張濟≫, ≪种拂≫, ≪魯旭≫, ≪周奐≫, ≪崔烈≫, ≪王頎≫, ≪朱雋≫, ≪張喜≫, ≪曹操≫=≪操≫, ≪劉昕≫, ≪鮮于嗣≫,≪毋丘儉≫=≪儉≫,≪司馬懿≫=≪司馬宣王≫=≪宣王≫, ≪楊祚≫, ≪難升米≫, ≪劉夏≫, ≪公孫淵≫=≪淵≫, ≪其子脩≫, ≪弓遵≫, ≪梯儁≫, ≪卑彌弓呼≫, ≪載斯≫, ≪烏越≫
◇ Dynasty, Emperor, and Era
§ Later HAN Dynasty, Emperors, and Eras
In this book, the Former HAN and Western HAN are written the HAN Dynasty. The Later HAN and Eastern HAN are written the Later HAN Dynasty.
≪光武帝≫ (Emperor Guangwu) A.D.25-58
era
"建武" : AD25-56
"建武中元": AD56-58
- - - “其國本亦以男子為王住七八十年”
≪桓帝≫ (Emperor Huan) A.D.146-167
≪靈帝≫ (Emperor Ling) A.D.168-189
era
"建寧" : AD168-172
"熹平" : AD172-178
"光和" : AD178-183 *1
"中平" : AD184-189 *1 *2
≪少帝辯≫ (Emperor Liu Bian) only 6 months
era
"光熹" : AD189APR-189AUG *2
"昭寧" : AD189AUG-189SEP *2
≪獻帝≫ (Emperor Xian) A.D.189-220
era
"永漢" : AD189SEP-189DEC *2
"中平" : AD189 *2
"初平" : AD190-193
"興平" : AD194-195
"建安" : AD196-220
"延康" : AD220
*1
"中平元年"
The era name "光和" was used also at AD184 as "光和七年". But the era name "光和七年" was changed to the era name "中平元年" at the year-end. In the ancient text, AD184 is "中平元年".
If the iron sword was inscribed the era at AD184 MAY, it must be "光和七年".
*2
"中平六年"
The era names used in AD189 are listed up as follows.
"霊帝" used the era "中平六年" from "正月,JAN" to "四月,APR".
"少帝辯" used the era "光熹元年" from "四月,APR" to "八月,AUG" and also used the era "昭寧元年" from "八月,AUG" to "九月,SEP".
"獻帝" used the era "永漢元年" from "九月,SEP" to "十二月,DEC".
These four era names had been used at AD189 actually.
But at the year-end of AD189, three era names, "光熹", "昭寧", "永漢" were abolished.
In the ancient text, the era name of AD189 is unified to the era name "中平六年".
If the Iron Sword was inscribed the era at AD189 MAY, it must be "光熹元年".
※ era is referred from [REF.中國歴代年號考, pp.10-14] of References.
The exists of "五月丙午" in the others years of "中平" period are only "中平四年" and "中平五年". From the text mentioned later (3.4.), "中平五年五月丙午" of the Later HAN Calendar, that is, AD188-JUL-7th of the Gregorian Calendar is the day of making the Iron Sword. It is the Star Festival day. This day matches with the inscribed "上應星宿" on "中平" Iron Sword. But it isn't necessarily that "五月丙午" is a true making day of the Iron Sword, because "五月丙午" is also for the auspicious phrase day. Nevertheless it is most likely to be that around its 1 month period is a true making day of "中平" Iron Sword, which was excavated in "Todaijiyama Tumulus" of NANA-prefecture in Japan.
§ Cao WEI, Emperors, and Eras
In this book, Cao WEI .
≪曹操≫ (Cao Cao),≪武帝≫ (Emperor Wu)
≪曹丕≫ (Cao Pi),≪文帝≫ (Emperor Wen)
era
"黃初" : AD 220-226>
≪曹叡≫ (Cao Rui),≪明帝≫ (Emperor Ming)
era
"黃初" : AD 226
"太和" : AD 227-233
"青龍" : AD 233-237
"景初" : AD 237-239
≪曹芳≫ (Cao Fang),≪少帝芳≫ (Shao Di Fang)
era
"景初" : AD 239
"正始" : AD 240-249
"嘉平" : AD 249-254
※ era is referred from [REF.中國歴代年號考, pp.10-14] of References.
{ Government Post Name }
{ } is the meaning of Government Post Name.
□ Post Name related to "東觀漢記" editor
{錄尚書事} is the highest post for the editors.
{錄尚書事}, {尚書}, {校書東觀}, {補侍御史}, {轉持書御史}, {議郎}, {諫議大夫}, {光祿大夫}
□ Closer Government Post of the Emperor
{大將軍} was the highest post in wartime. There was no {丞相} as the highest post of the temporary military in the Later HAN Dynasty. But {相国} is similar. {太尉}, {太傅}, and {太僕} were the three lords and the highest post in peacetime. Especially, in the Later HAN Dynasty, {太尉} was the highest administrative post. But in wartime, these three lords became to be the honorary post. The records of the days tended to be blurred. The Eunuchs had the powers of the Later HAN Dynasty like {宦者} and {中常侍}.
{天子}, {大將軍}, {太尉}, {太傅}, {太僕}, {司空}, {宦者}, {中常侍}, {中郎將}, {司徒}, {司隸}, {司隸校尉}, {太常}, {太常馬}, {將軍}, {郎中}, {諫議大夫}, {侍中}, {京兆尹}, {中郎將}, {左中郎將}, {北中郎將}, {太中大夫}, {侍中}, {衛尉}, {永樂少府}, {左車騎將軍}, {車騎將車}, {建中校尉}, {廷尉}
□ Local Government Post Name
{太守}, {九江太守}, {廬江太守}, {南陽太守}, {江夏太守}, {刺史}, {并州刺史}, {兗州刺史}, {幽州牧}, {并州牧}, {射聲校尉}, {郡守}
□ Other Post Names related Peninsula and WA
{太守}, {帶方太守}, {樂浪太守}, {遼東太守}, {玄菟小吏}, {遼東郡所輕}, {女王}, {倭王}, {倭女王}, {親魏倭王}, {大夫}, {狗奴國男王}, {南匈奴左部}, {單于}
⫷ Region Name ⫸
⫷ ⫸ is the meaning of Region Name here.
And the proper regional names are listed up below.
⫷長安⫸, ⫷洛陽⫸, ⫷許⫸, ⫷金城河⫸, ⫷烏丸⫸, ⫷鮮卑⫸, ⫷胡⫸, ⫷東胡⫸, ⫷荊州⫸, ⫷會稽山⫸, ⫷吳⫸, ⫷五原山⫸, ⫷九江⫸, ⫷廬江⫸, ⫷益州⫸, ⫷巴郡⫸, ⫷關東⫸, ⫷遼西⫸, ⫷幽州⫸, ⫷襄平⫸, ⫷樂浪⫸, ⫷帶方⫸,⫷涿郡⫸, ⫷壽春⫸, ⫷徐⫸, ⫷山東⫸, ⫷渤海⫸, ⫷遼東⫸, ⫷遼隧⫸, ⫷高句驪⫸, ⫷狗邪韓國⫸, ⫷陽人⫸, ⫷廣宗⫸, ⫷韓⫸, ⫷勒島, NEUKDO-DONG⫸, ⫷嘉德殿⫸
